Idea Generation and Problem Solving Using SCAMPER Technique

Idea Generation and Problem Solving Using SCAMPER Technique WHAT IS SCAMPER?The SCAMPER idea generation technique is founded on the belief that everything new is an alteration of something already in existence. The term ‘SCAMPER’ is actually an acronym. The full form of the individual letters is given below:S SubstituteC CombineA AdaptM ModifyP Put to another useE EliminateR ReverseThese are seven prompts forming a general-purpose checklist that can be utilized to trigger questions pertaining to existing products. Each letter indicates a different manner by which you can play with the features of the object (the product/service) of the challenge for new ideas.An advertising executive by the name of Alex Osborn, who gained credit with inventing the brainstorming technique, originally thought up a lot of the questions utilized in the technique. Having said that, it was an author and education administrator by the name of Bob Eberle who arranged these questions to form the SCAMPER mnemonic. Answering those questions with the specific situation or problem in mind would help in triggering new ideas.HOW TO APPLY IT TO YOUR PRODUCT/SERVICETo start with, you should take an existing service or product. This may be a product that you wish to enhance, which you think would be a favorable starting point for later development or which you presently have problems with. You can then pose questions pertaining to the service or product you identified, utilizing the mnemonic for guidance. Brainstorm questions â€" as many as you can.Then, you would have to take a look at the answers that were brainstormed. Does any of them appear as practical solutions? Could any of them be utilized to develop a new product or improve an existing one? Should any of the ideas appear to be viable, they can be explored further. The seven steps in the SCAMPER technique are explored in detail in the next paragraphs.Step 1: S for SubstituteTake away a part of the selected thing, concept or situation and replace it with something else. Anything can be an item for substitution. The possibilities include steps in a process, product parts, the people or the place. Substitution is a technique of trial and error, of replacing one object with another till you are able to determine the correct idea.Some of the kinds of questions you can ask are given below:What resources or materials can you swap or substitute to enhance the product?What process or product could you utilize?Can you utilize other materials or ingredients?Can you change its color, sound, smell or roughness?Can you modify its shape?Which rules can you substitute or change?Is it possible to replace someone involved?Can you utilize the idea in another place?What would happen if you modified your attitude or feelings towards the product?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Substitution’ are: colorize, alternate, rename, proxy, reposition, stand in, replace, surrogate, fill in, relieve and repackage.An example for ‘Substitution’ would be Boein g utilizing new composites in their aircraft so that they are lighter and fuel efficient to a greater degree.Step 2: C for CombineThe next step is to contemplate combining elements of the situation or problem you’re facing so as think up something new. This is in line with the view of many creativity experts that creativity has to do with combining already existing things in a fresh way.So join, force together or affiliate two or more elements pertaining to your subject matter and contemplate routes by which such a combination could possibly take you to a solution.Some questions:What parts, ideas or materials could be possibly combined?What could they be combined with to optimize uses?What could be the result of combining the product in question with another, to develop something new?What could be the result of combining objectives or purposes?How to combine resources and talent to develop a new way of thinking directed at the product?Can different elements be combined to enhance it?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Combine’ are: become one, bring together, come together, conjoin, intermix, link, mingle, package, unite, amalgamate, link, relate, and commingle.The Gutenberg printing press is a great example of something that was the product of “combining.” Gutenberg came up with the movable type printing press by way of combining a coin punch with the grape press mechanism.Step 3: A for AdaptThink if there’s a solution for another problem that you may mold to suit your situation.Some questions:Is there a solution you can take from somewhere else and mold it to suit this one?Is there a similarity between the current situation and something else?Is there another context you can position your product in?What or who could you imitate to adapt this product to fulfill another use or purpose?What else does the product resemble?What other ideas or products can you utilize for inspiration?Are there any ideas outside your field tha t you can incorporate?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Adapt’ are: acclimatize, adopt, alter, become, accustomed, change, conceptualize, emulate, find your fit, get a feel for, incorporate, match, readjust, revise, settle in, vary, amend, bend, conform, familiarize, make suitable, refashion, transform, revise, modify.Facebook was created for laptop and desktop browsers but rapidly adapted for utilization on mobile phones.Step 4: M for Modify/MagnifyPose a question to yourself about which ideas you can produce if you magnify or modify your situation or problem. Magnifying parts of or the whole of your idea may enhance its perceived worth or furnish fresh insight pertaining to which components are most significant.Modify questions:Can you change an aspect of your process or product to enhance it?Can you think of any ways to modify the shape, feel, appearance, color or form of your product?What can you add to change this product?What can you highlight o r emphasize to produce more value?What aspect of the product can you make stronger to develop something new?What would happen if you modified the process in some way?Is there a fresh twist?Magnify questions:Is there anything you can make bigger, higher or larger?What can you overstate or exaggerate?Can you increase the frequency?What can you duplicate? Is it possible to create multiple copies?Is it possible to include additional features or otherwise add extra value?What would be the outcome of exaggerating a component?Is it possible to raise the price by increasing value?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Modify/Magnify’ are: amplify, boost, expand, grow, increase, lengthen, multiply, overstress, strengthen, augment, enlarge, heighten, raise and stretch out.Fancy hands altered the virtual assistant model by developing a system to facilitate an expansive distributed team to cope with the tasks, rather than making all to be seated in an office.Step 5: P for Put to another useContemplate how you can put your current idea to different uses or what could be reused from elsewhere so as to fix your own problem. Frequently, an idea only turns out to be great when applied in a different manner than first imagined.Modify the goal of the subject. Contemplate why it exists, its purpose of use and what it is assumed to do. Confront all of these suppositions and propose new and strange purposes.A classical manifestation of this step is to discover a substitute market for a manufactured good when a specific market dries up, or to find a new buyer following the termination of the agreement with one buyer.Some questions:Is it possible to utilize this product elsewhere, maybe in another industry?Who else can utilize this product?Would this product function differently in a different setting?Is it possible to recycle the product’s waste to create something new?What else could it be utilized for?How could a child or older person utilize it?Is it possible for people other than the intended target market to be able to use it?Can you utilize this idea in an alternative place?Can people with various disabilities utilize it?Are there other ways to utilize it in its present form and shape?Could it be utilized in another context?Can you utilize this idea in other industries or markets?Would the manufactured good work in different places?If you didn’t know anything about it, would you be able to comprehend the objective of this idea/product?Is there some other problem that your product may be a solution for?What are the many diverse ways that the product finds use?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Put to another Use’ are: abuse, avail yourself of, bring into play, deplete, employ, exercise, expand, get through, luxuriate, manage, mistreat, reposition, spend, take pleasure in, use up, waste, work, apply, behave, contextualize, employ, exhaust, handle, take advantage of, utilize, work, wear out and t reat.Food waste from grocery stores and restaurants would usually end up in landfills, and putrefy. However, Ecoscraps converts food waste into compost. This is a good example of putting something to another use.Step 6: E for Eliminate (or Minify)Contemplate what would happen if you eliminated components or elements of your idea or if you minimized, reduced or simplified aspects of it. By way of repeated elimination or trimming of ideas, processes and objects, it is possible to steadily constrict your challenge to that function or part of the most significance.Some questions:How can you simplify or streamline this product?What can you tone down or understate?What components can be taken out without changing function?What would be the outcome should you take away a component of the product? What would replace the component/part?Is it possible to eliminate the rules?What features, rules or parts can you eliminate? Or can you remove extraneous details?How can you minimize cost, effort or time?How can you make it lighter, faster, smaller or more fun?What is unnecessary or non-essential?Should you break it into different parts?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Eliminate (or Minify)’ are: abolish, curb, disregard, eradicate, excrete, exterminate, jettison, lessen, liquidate, moderate, pass, purge, reject, restraint, simplify, throw out, underemphasize, wipe out, control, destroy, exclude, temper and waste.Microsoft invented Windows 8 to do away with requiring a mouse.Step 7: R for Rearrange or ReverseRearrange â€" Contemplate whether you can do some kind of rearranging whether changing the sequence, pattern or layout; interchanging components; changing schedule; changing pace; or interchanging cause and effect. Contemplate changing the order of processes or other hierarchy involved.Reverse â€" Contemplate what you would do if a portion of your process/product/probortunity was done or worked in another order, or in reverse. Reverse the orientation or direction. Turn it inside-out, upside-down, or backwards just make it go against the direction it was meant to be used or to proceed.Some questions:Can you interchange components?Can you transpose cause and effect?Can you transpose negatives and positives?Can you interchange the patterns or layout?What is the best way to interchange the patterns or layout?What other sequence, layout or patterns can you use? Can you think of any?Can you modify the schedule of delivery or pace?How can you reorganize this product?Can you modify the order of steps in your process?What other arrangement may be better?What would be the outcome of process reversal?What if you turned it upside down?How can you reverse roles?Can you rearrange or reverse the concept you already have?What if you engaged in the exact opposite of what you originally intended?How could you accomplish the opposite effect?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Rearrange’ or ‘Reverse’ are: adjourn, back up, change, drive backward, invalidate, move backward, overturn, put off, readjust, relocate, reorder, repeal, reschedule, retreat, switch, turn around, withdraw, annul, delay, postpone, quash, rearrange, reposition, swap and undo.Lyft and Uber have rearranged the process by which people search for a taxi. The latter don’t really have to search for one â€" they just order a ride using their application.EXAMPLES SCAMPER is a very powerful idea generation and creativity technique. It is an especially useful technique to generate ideas if you intend to improve a service or product. From this article, you’ll learn 1) what is SCAMPER, 2) how to apply it to your product/service, and 3) examples.WHAT IS SCAMPER?The SCAMPER idea generation technique is founded on the belief that everything new is an alteration of something already in existence. The term ‘SCAMPER’ is actually an acronym. The full form of the individual letters is given below:S SubstituteC CombineA AdaptM ModifyP Put to another useE EliminateR ReverseThese are seven prompts forming a general-purpose checklist that can be utilized to trigger questions pertaining to existing products. Each letter indicates a different manner by which you can play with the features of the object (the product/service) of the challenge for new ideas.An advertising executive by the name of Alex Osborn, who gained credit with inventing the brai nstorming technique, originally thought up a lot of the questions utilized in the technique. Having said that, it was an author and education administrator by the name of Bob Eberle who arranged these questions to form the SCAMPER mnemonic. Answering those questions with the specific situation or problem in mind would help in triggering new ideas.HOW TO APPLY IT TO YOUR PRODUCT/SERVICETo start with, you should take an existing service or product. This may be a product that you wish to enhance, which you think would be a favorable starting point for later development or which you presently have problems with. You can then pose questions pertaining to the service or product you identified, utilizing the mnemonic for guidance. Brainstorm questions â€" as many as you can.Then, you would have to take a look at the answers that were brainstormed. Does any of them appear as practical solutions? Could any of them be utilized to develop a new product or improve an existing one? Should any of the ideas appear to be viable, they can be explored further. The seven steps in the SCAMPER technique are explored in detail in the next paragraphs.Step 1: S for SubstituteTake away a part of the selected thing, concept or situation and replace it with something else. Anything can be an item for substitution. The possibilities include steps in a process, product parts, the people or the place. Substitution is a technique of trial and error, of replacing one object with another till you are able to determine the correct idea.Some of the kinds of questions you can ask are given below:What resources or materials can you swap or substitute to enhance the product?What process or product could you utilize?Can you utilize other materials or ingredients?Can you change its color, sound, smell or roughness?Can you modify its shape?Which rules can you substitute or change?Is it possible to replace someone involved?Can you utilize the idea in another place?What would happen if you modified you r attitude or feelings towards the product?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Substitution’ are: colorize, alternate, rename, proxy, reposition, stand in, replace, surrogate, fill in, relieve and repackage.An example for ‘Substitution’ would be Boeing utilizing new composites in their aircraft so that they are lighter and fuel efficient to a greater degree.Step 2: C for CombineThe next step is to contemplate combining elements of the situation or problem you’re facing so as think up something new. This is in line with the view of many creativity experts that creativity has to do with combining already existing things in a fresh way.So join, force together or affiliate two or more elements pertaining to your subject matter and contemplate routes by which such a combination could possibly take you to a solution.Some questions:What parts, ideas or materials could be possibly combined?What could they be combined with to optimize uses?What could be th e result of combining the product in question with another, to develop something new?What could be the result of combining objectives or purposes?How to combine resources and talent to develop a new way of thinking directed at the product?Can different elements be combined to enhance it?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Combine’ are: become one, bring together, come together, conjoin, intermix, link, mingle, package, unite, amalgamate, link, relate, and commingle.The Gutenberg printing press is a great example of something that was the product of “combining.” Gutenberg came up with the movable type printing press by way of combining a coin punch with the grape press mechanism.Step 3: A for AdaptThink if there’s a solution for another problem that you may mold to suit your situation.Some questions:Is there a solution you can take from somewhere else and mold it to suit this one?Is there a similarity between the current situation and something els e?Is there another context you can position your product in?What or who could you imitate to adapt this product to fulfill another use or purpose?What else does the product resemble?What other ideas or products can you utilize for inspiration?Are there any ideas outside your field that you can incorporate?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Adapt’ are: acclimatize, adopt, alter, become, accustomed, change, conceptualize, emulate, find your fit, get a feel for, incorporate, match, readjust, revise, settle in, vary, amend, bend, conform, familiarize, make suitable, refashion, transform, revise, modify.Facebook was created for laptop and desktop browsers but rapidly adapted for utilization on mobile phones.Step 4: M for Modify/MagnifyPose a question to yourself about which ideas you can produce if you magnify or modify your situation or problem. Magnifying parts of or the whole of your idea may enhance its perceived worth or furnish fresh insight pertainin g to which components are most significant.Modify questions:Can you change an aspect of your process or product to enhance it?Can you think of any ways to modify the shape, feel, appearance, color or form of your product?What can you add to change this product?What can you highlight or emphasize to produce more value?What aspect of the product can you make stronger to develop something new?What would happen if you modified the process in some way?Is there a fresh twist?Magnify questions:Is there anything you can make bigger, higher or larger?What can you overstate or exaggerate?Can you increase the frequency?What can you duplicate? Is it possible to create multiple copies?Is it possible to include additional features or otherwise add extra value?What would be the outcome of exaggerating a component?Is it possible to raise the price by increasing value?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Modify/Magnify’ are: amplify, boost, expand, grow, increase, length en, multiply, overstress, strengthen, augment, enlarge, heighten, raise and stretch out.Fancy hands altered the virtual assistant model by developing a system to facilitate an expansive distributed team to cope with the tasks, rather than making all to be seated in an office.Step 5: P for Put to another useContemplate how you can put your current idea to different uses or what could be reused from elsewhere so as to fix your own problem. Frequently, an idea only turns out to be great when applied in a different manner than first imagined.Modify the goal of the subject. Contemplate why it exists, its purpose of use and what it is assumed to do. Confront all of these suppositions and propose new and strange purposes.A classical manifestation of this step is to discover a substitute market for a manufactured good when a specific market dries up, or to find a new buyer following the termination of the agreement with one buyer.Some questions:Is it possible to utilize this product elsewhe re, maybe in another industry?Who else can utilize this product?Would this product function differently in a different setting?Is it possible to recycle the product’s waste to create something new?What else could it be utilized for?How could a child or older person utilize it?Is it possible for people other than the intended target market to be able to use it?Can you utilize this idea in an alternative place?Can people with various disabilities utilize it?Are there other ways to utilize it in its present form and shape?Could it be utilized in another context?Can you utilize this idea in other industries or markets?Would the manufactured good work in different places?If you didn’t know anything about it, would you be able to comprehend the objective of this idea/product?Is there some other problem that your product may be a solution for?What are the many diverse ways that the product finds use?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Put to another Use’ a re: abuse, avail yourself of, bring into play, deplete, employ, exercise, expand, get through, luxuriate, manage, mistreat, reposition, spend, take pleasure in, use up, waste, work, apply, behave, contextualize, employ, exhaust, handle, take advantage of, utilize, work, wear out and treat.Food waste from grocery stores and restaurants would usually end up in landfills, and putrefy. However, Ecoscraps converts food waste into compost. This is a good example of putting something to another use.Step 6: E for Eliminate (or Minify)Contemplate what would happen if you eliminated components or elements of your idea or if you minimized, reduced or simplified aspects of it. By way of repeated elimination or trimming of ideas, processes and objects, it is possible to steadily constrict your challenge to that function or part of the most significance.Some questions:How can you simplify or streamline this product?What can you tone down or understate?What components can be taken out without chan ging function?What would be the outcome should you take away a component of the product? What would replace the component/part?Is it possible to eliminate the rules?What features, rules or parts can you eliminate? Or can you remove extraneous details?How can you minimize cost, effort or time?How can you make it lighter, faster, smaller or more fun?What is unnecessary or non-essential?Should you break it into different parts?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Eliminate (or Minify)’ are: abolish, curb, disregard, eradicate, excrete, exterminate, jettison, lessen, liquidate, moderate, pass, purge, reject, restraint, simplify, throw out, underemphasize, wipe out, control, destroy, exclude, temper and waste.Microsoft invented Windows 8 to do away with requiring a mouse.Step 7: R for Rearrange or ReverseRearrange â€" Contemplate whether you can do some kind of rearranging whether changing the sequence, pattern or layout; interchanging components; changing sc hedule; changing pace; or interchanging cause and effect. Contemplate changing the order of processes or other hierarchy involved.Reverse â€" Contemplate what you would do if a portion of your process/product/probortunity was done or worked in another order, or in reverse. Reverse the orientation or direction. Turn it inside-out, upside-down, or backwards just make it go against the direction it was meant to be used or to proceed.Some questions:Can you interchange components?Can you transpose cause and effect?Can you transpose negatives and positives?Can you interchange the patterns or layout?What is the best way to interchange the patterns or layout?What other sequence, layout or patterns can you use? Can you think of any?Can you modify the schedule of delivery or pace?How can you reorganize this product?Can you modify the order of steps in your process?What other arrangement may be better?What would be the outcome of process reversal?What if you turned it upside down?How can you reverse roles?Can you rearrange or reverse the concept you already have?What if you engaged in the exact opposite of what you originally intended?How could you accomplish the opposite effect?Trigger words and example:Some examples of trigger words for ‘Rearrange’ or ‘Reverse’ are: adjourn, back up, change, drive backward, invalidate, move backward, overturn, put off, readjust, relocate, reorder, repeal, reschedule, retreat, switch, turn around, withdraw, annul, delay, postpone, quash, rearrange, reposition, swap and undo.Lyft and Uber have rearranged the process by which people search for a taxi. The latter don’t really have to search for one â€" they just order a ride using their application.EXAMPLESEvery bicycle has typically the following components: Pedals, Frame, Chain, Drive Sprocket, Tires, Handlebars, and Brakes. When the SCAMPER technique would be applied to a bicycle, the ideas below, for improving it, could be generated:Pedal grips that strap for the feet to be better securedFrames of a much lighter weight founded on new materialsStronger chains having special clamps to make changing easierBetter derailleur gears for the rear sprocketNew materials for the rear wheel to replace spokesRacing handlebars to make the racing position more ergo dynamicLets imagine another example, where you want to devise a new kind of pen. By applying the SCAMPER technique, below is one potential output of new ideas for a new version of pen:Substitute â€" replace nib with knife, ink with ironCombine â€" holding with opening, writing with cuttingAdapt â€" use the pen top as a containerModify â€" body can be made flexiblePut to other uses â€" utilize for writing on woodEliminate â€" clip utilizing VelcroRearrange â€" make the nib flow outwardsIn addition to its application for generating ideas to improve a product or services, SCAMPER may also be utilized for things like triggering ideas if you’re writing a book or plan to write a blog post, coming up with a num ber of probable solutions for a current political or social problem or determining methods to make a marketing campaign better.

Analysis of Movie a Beautiful Mind Essay - 1703 Words

A Beautiful Mind The movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† directed by Ron Howard is based on the real story of mathematician John F. Nash Jr., played by Russell Crow. John Nash was a gifted young man from West Virginia that, while studying in Princeton, created his â€Å"game theory† also knows as â€Å"Nash equilibrium†, which was the break through in modern economics, and for which he got the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics later on in his life. Also except his extraordinary mind John Nash had a psychological disorder – Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a group of disorders characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, affective disturbances, and social withdrawal.†# Schizophrenia is the disease of the brain itself†¦show more content†¦The twin studies confirm this theory; studies show that identical twins are both more likely to develop Schizophrenia, that non-identical. Even though we see correlation between heredity and Schizophrenia, still most of people that had parent with Schizophrenia will not develop it themselves. Another theory that explains Schizophrenia is called Dopamine hypothesis. It says that Schizophrenia develops from excess dopamine activity in the brain. The theory has been somewhat proven by the experiment in which there were used three kinds of drugs (Phenothiazines, L-dopa, Amphetamines) that have affect on dopamine. The results were positive, but still a quarter of the people that are treated by antipsychotic drugs have no response to them. Also there are theories about effect of environmental factors on development of the disorder. Such theory might say that Schizophrenia may develop from physical damage to the brain or disruption of normal brain development early in fetal or prenatal periods. (Understanding Abnormal Behavior, p. 435-449) John Nash showed mostly just positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. 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Marketing Plan - 1807 Words

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The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. Blaze Mountain travels and tours offer concepts like ecotourism and sustainable tourism to older tourists and hard adventure trips to the student tourists. This target market appreciatesRead MoreMarketing Plan3688 Words   |  15 PagesSITUATION ANALYSIS The marketing environment for LIMCOMA represents overwhelming opportunities. It also contains some challenges that the firm believes it can meet successfully. An illustration below shows a SWOT analysis of the company to highlight LIMCOMA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths LIMCOMA’S dedicated founders understand the target market and products. LIMCOMA has achieved distribution in several markets with quick acceptance The firm has a very littleRead MoreMarketing Plan3847 Words   |  16 PagesA marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization s overall marketing efforts. A marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix, which is outlined in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics (P. Kotler, K.L. Keller). In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look atRead MoreMarketing Planning : The Marketing Plan Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesTo attract mixed segment ther is need to marketing planning is indeed the key to the whole marketing process. The marketing objectives state just where the company intends to be; at some specific time in the future. James Quinn succinctly defined objectives in general as: Goals state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, but they do not state how the results are to be achieved. They typically relate to what products will be where in what market. They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base

The play ‘The Birthday Party’ Analysis Free Essays

The play ‘The Birthday Party’ is about an everyday, domestic lifestyle/ characters with mixed emotions. The whole play is based on a boarding house with one guest, Stanley. It starts off with the owners, Meg and Petey, leading a normal day with Stanley. We will write a custom essay sample on The play ‘The Birthday Party’ Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two men come to look at the house to stay and Stanley gets nervous. The two men, McCann and Goldberg hold Stanley’s birthday party and make it a living hell! Throughout the play McCann shows signs of confusion and innocence at the task-in-hand. However this is not always the case, for example McCann, later on in the play, attempts to strike Stanley with a chair. When McCann and Goldberg arrive at the boarding house in Act 1, McCann states, ‘what are we doing here Nat?’ this gives off signals that McCann is there as Goldberg’s aid and not a leading figure. As the play goes on, the audience may start to feel sorry for Stanley due to unfortunate circumstances and more hatred and dislike towards Goldberg and McCann for making him feel so negative. McCann: He killed his wife! Goldberg: Why did you kill your wife? Stanley: What wife? (Back turned, facing the audience) The above quote shows how McCann and Goldberg continue to bully Stanley. Pinter uses the language in the above quote as if McCann and Goldberg were ‘pressing’ Stanley for information and as if Stanley found it hard to lie whilst looking at them so he turned his back. The prospect of McCann being more innocent may counter the dislike and tempt the audience to feel sorry for McCann as he gets dragged deeper and deeper into the unknown. Pinter does this to, yet again, represents the plays psychotic nature and obscure mentality. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† At the beginning of act two McCann is said to be sitting at a table tearing newspapers into 5 equal strips. This may make the audience uncomfortable as it is a rather curious thing to do and may make the audience paranoid as to why he is doing this and what he is thinking as it never tells you this in the play. Stanley picks up a strip of paper McCann moves in McCann: Mind that. McCann clearly has a motive for tearing the paper or he wouldn’t mind it being touched. It is a fine example of the plays paranormal mentality. Also Pinter wrote McCann’s line like this to make the audience uncomfortable as it is a rather subtle, commanding statement. During Stanley’s birthday party in act 2, McCann offers to take Stanley’s glasses for him during a game of blind mans buff Stanley stand blindfold. McCann backs slowly across the stage to the left. He breaks Stanley’s glasses, snapping the frames. McCann picks up the drum and places it in Stanley’s path Stanley walks over and puts his foot through it. Here McCann proves to be quite a bully and may convince the audience to feel disgust towards him, due to the audiences feeling towards the main character, Stanley, countering the possible sorrow from earlier on in the play. Pinter may do this to make sure that the audience can never set on a real feeling for McCann which may add to the ‘fog’ of confusion surrounding the play. As a conclusion I think that McCann is a character the brings emotion and excitement and you can never really settle on a feeling for him How to cite The play ‘The Birthday Party’ Analysis, Papers

Women In The Media Essays - Lansing, Michigan, Geraldine Laybourne

Women In The Media What event began the emergence of women as true players in the media? Was it Sherry Lansing's appointment to President of 20th Century Fox in 1980, becoming the first woman to head a studio? Was it Cathleen Black in 1979 becoming the first woman publisher of a weekly consumer magazine, New York? Or did the real power for women in the media come later with Geraldine Laybourne reinventing children's television on Nickelodeon or Judy McGrath sending MTV into 265.8 million households all over the world? Do women in the media, in fact, really have any power today? This paper will examine the power of women in the media through four different women, Sherry Lansing, chair and CEO of Paramount Pictures, Cathleen Black, President of Hearst Magazines, Geraldine Laybourne, Chairman and CEO of Oxygen Media, and Judy McGrath, President of MTV. Sherry Lansing received a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University in 1966. After graduation, Lansing taught English and math at Los Angeles public high schools. She quit teaching to become a model for Max Factor and Alberto-Culiver and also held minor roles in a couple of movies. She is often quoted for calling herself ?a terrible actress.? Still interested in film, Lansing took a few classes at UCLA and the University of Southern California soon becoming an executive story editor for MGM. Only two years later became vice president at Columbia taking charge of such films as The China Syndrome and Kramer vs. Kramer (gmu.edu). Sherry Lansing made history when, in 1980, she became the first woman to be in charge of production at a major studio ? 20th Century Fox. Lansing brought to the movies something that had never been introduced before, the perspective of a woman. This in no way means that Lansing only backed ?chick flicks.? It means that she kept herself in touch with viewers. She put her personal taste aside and thought about what ?the people? wanted to see. Lansing has been quoted several times about her delight in attending the movies. In fact, she attends movies to get a genuine feel for what people really think are good movies. She listens carefully to the comments made during and after a movie. Her female perspective allows her to see things from more than one angle ? her own. One top filmmaker said, ?Sherry's the first executive who succeeded by being a woman, not trying to be a guy. She can be maternal, she can be sexy, she can use her femininity to be manipulative, but she's always, brilliantl y, a woman (guardianunlimited.com).? Today, Sherry Lansing sits on the board of directors of Teach for America and the American Film Institute. Governor Davis appointed her as Regent in March 1999 to a term expiring in 2010 and she currently serves as Vice Chairman of The Regents (upoc.edu). On top of all this, Sherry Lansing has headed hits such as Braveheart, Clueless, Runaway Bride, and The General's Daughter. If the question is whether Sherry Lansing has power in the media, the answer has to be yes. However, if the question is whether Sherry Lansing holds as much power as men in similar positions, I believe it takes more evaluation. Take for instance the comment made by a top filmmaker about Lansing. He takes all of the stereotypes about women and simply applies them to Lansing. Thus saying, Sherry Lansing is diversely stereotypical. Is this comment a compliment? Let's examine it. The first line of the comment appealed to me. It is true, in my opinion, that many women feel they have to act ?masculine? in order to succeed in the business world. However, this is a direct result of the environment and the fact that this man is oblivious as to why women act masculine in the business world made me skeptical of his comment. He confirmed my skepticism by adding that Lansing could be maternal, sexy, and manipulative ? all stereotypes about women. The fact that she had mastered each stereotype and knew when to apply each, to him, made her a brilliant woman. Another instance concerning Sherry Lansing is the headline run in the New York Times after the announcement of her promotion to the head of

Women Rights essays

Women Rights essays Women rights have gained greater attention with feminist activities and call for liberation of women. The consistent and gradual erosion of patriarchic system is the only way true liberation can be attained. The efforts made for women rights have been impressive but the progress in this connection is still marred by serious issues and ugly incidents. In the Middle East, women are still suffering grave gender discrimination on regular basis. Violence against women is a common problem and though it is also a big issue in the West, in the Middle East it doesnt get any attention, which makes it pervasive. Lack of education can be cited as one of the main reasons why violence continues to exist in this society. We can argue that had lack of education been the only problem, then women in the west would have never suffered abuse. But the real issue at hand is endurance or tolerance of abuse. In the Middle Eastern societies, women continue to endure violence silently seldom raising voice if ever. On the other hand, women in the West have been consistently making efforts to highlight the issue and seek appropriate resolution of the problem. Lack of education however has not been addressed aptly in the Middle East. Women are not allowed to drive in some countries including Saudi Arabia; they are not allowed to vote even though they have access to all modern amenities including Internet, television and cable TV. Education or lack of it thereof is purposely being used as a weapon of oppression and suppression. In every corner of the world, it has been noticed that when a certain section had to be oppressed, it was denied its right to quality education. Education is seen as the catalyst for change and this weapon is not offered to women in the Middle East. How are lack of education and violence connected? This question comes to the mind when we read this article and the related theories. Violence is always a sign of oppression against th...

The Chac Mool Statues of Mexico

The Chac Mool Statues of Mexico A Chac Mool is a very specific type of Mesoamerican statue associated with ancient cultures such as the Aztecs and Maya. The statues, made of different types of stone, depict a reclined man holding a tray or bowl on his belly or chest. Much is unknown about the origin, significance, and purpose of the Chac Mool statues, but ongoing studies have proven a strong link between them and Tlaloc, Mesoamerican god of rain and thunder. Appearance of the Chac Mool Statues The Chac Mool statues are easy to identify. They depict a reclining man with his head turned ninety degrees in one direction. His legs are generally drawn up and bent at the knees. He is almost always holding a tray, bowl, altar, or other recipient of some kind. They often are reclined on rectangular bases: when they are, the bases usually contain fine stone inscriptions. Iconography related to water, the ocean and/or Tlaloc, the rain god can often be found on the bottom of the statues. They were carved from many different sorts of stone available to Mesoamerican masons. In general, they are roughly human-sized, but examples have been found which are larger or smaller. There are differences between Chac Mool statues as well: for example, the ones from Tula and Chichà ©n Itz appear as young warriors in battle gear whereas one from Michoacn is an old man, nearly naked. The Name Chac Mool Although they were obviously important to the ancient cultures that created them, for years these statues were ignored and left to weather the elements at ruined cities. The first serious study of them took place in 1832. Since then, they have been viewed as cultural treasures and studies on them have increased. They got their name from the French archeologist Augustus LePlongeon in 1875: he dug one up in Chichà ©n Itz and mistakenly identified it as a depiction of an ancient Maya ruler whose name was â€Å"Thunderous Paw,† or Chaacmol. Although the statues have been proven to have no relation to Thunderous Paw, the name, slightly changed, has stuck. Dispersion of the Chac Mool Statues Chac Mool statues have been found at several important archaeological sites but are curiously missing from others. Several have been found at the sites of Tula and Chichà ©n Itza and several more have been located in different excavations in and around Mexico City. Other statues have been found at smaller sites including Cempoala and at the Maya site of Quirigu in present-day Guatemala. Some major archaeological sites have yet to yield a Chac Mool, including Teotihuacn and Xochicalco. It is also interesting that no representation of the Chac Mool appears in any of the surviving Mesoamerican Codices. Purpose of the Chac Mools The statues - some of which are quite elaborate - obviously had an important religious and ceremonial uses for the different cultures that created them. The statues had a utilitarian purpose and were not, in themselves, worshiped: this is known because of their relative positions within the temples. When located in temples, the Chac Mool is nearly always positioned between the spaces associated with the priests and that associated with the people. It is never found in the back, where something revered as a deity would be expected to rest. The purpose of the Chac Mools was generally as a place for sacrificial offerings for the gods. These offering could consist of anything from foodstuffs like tamales or tortillas to colorful feathers, tobacco or flowers. The Chac Mool altars also served for human sacrifices: some had cuauhxicallis, or special recipients for the blood of sacrificial victims, while others had special tà ©hcatl altars where humans were ritualistically sacrificed. The Chac Mools and Tlaloc Most of the Chac Mool statues have an obvious link to Tlaloc, the Mesoamerican rain god and an important deity of the Aztec pantheon. On the base of some of the statues can be seen carvings of fish, seashells and other marine life. On the base of the Pino Suarez and Carranza Chac Mool (named after a Mexico City intersection where it was dug up during road work) is the face of Tlaloc himself surrounded by aquatic life. A most fortunate discovery was that of a Chac Mool at the Templo Mayor excavation in Mexico City in the early 1980s. This Chac Mool still had much of its original paint on it: these colors only served to further match the Chac Mools to Tlaloc. One example: Tlaloc was depicted in the Codex Laud with red feet and blue sandals: the Templo Mayor Chac Mool also has red feet with blue sandals. Enduring Mystery of the Chac Mools Although much more is known now about the Chac Mools and their purpose, some mysteries remain. Chief among these mysteries is the origin of the Chac Mools: they are found at Postclassic Maya sites such as Chichà ©n Itz and Aztec sites near Mexico City, but it is impossible to tell where and when they originated. The reclining figures likely do not represent Tlaloc himself, who is usually depicted as being more gruesome: they could be warriors who carry the offerings to the gods they were intended for. Even their real name – what the natives called them – has been lost to time. Sources: Desmond, Lawrence G. Chacmool. Là ³pez Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo Là ³pez Lujan. Los Mexicas y el Chac Mool. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol. IX - Num. 49 (May-June 2001).